词以根记 carnage, carnal等英语考试常考单词

　　词以根记 carnage, carnal, carnivorous, incarnate, incarnation, carrion, crone, sarcasm sarcastic, sardonic, conserve, observe, preserve, reserve, conservative, conservatory, observance, observation 等考试核心单词

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　　carn-, caro: flesh, meat 词根 carn-, caro 在拉丁语中是肉的意思。考试常考核心词汇 carnage, carnal, carnivorous, incarnate, incarnation, carrion, crone 均源于该词根。

　　carnation (L carnatio: fleshiness 多肉; MF, color / complexion of a person 人肉的颜色、肉红色, fr. OIt carnagione, fr. carne: flesh, fr. LL carnālis: fleshly, L carn-, caro: flesh) n. Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers, widely cultivated in many varieties and many colors 香石竹、康乃馨, a pink or reddish-pink color 肉红色、粉红色 adj. pink or pinkish 肉红色的、粉红色的

　　carnage (MF, fr. ML carnaticum: tribute consisting of animals / meat, fr. L carn-, caro: flesh) n. the savage and excessive killing of many people, butchery, massacre, slaughter 大屠杀、屠宰、大量绝灭

　　carnal (LL carnalis, fr. L carn-, caro: flesh) adj. of or relating to the body or flesh 肉体的, marked by the appetites and passions of the body 肉欲的、性欲的、非精神的、耽于感官之乐的

　　carnivorous (L carnivorus, fr. carni-, fr. carn-, caro: flesh + -vorus: -vorous) adj. relating to or characteristic of carnivores, zoophagous 食肉的、肉食性的、食肉动物的, (plants and animals) feeding on animals 食虫的、食虫植物的

　　carrion (L carn-, caro: flesh) n. the dead and putrefying flesh of an animal 动物尸体的腐肉、不适于人类食用 a scavenging animal 食腐肉动物

　　crone (AF charoine: dead flesh, ONF carogne: carrion, hag, fr. VL caronia, irreg. fr. L carn-, caro: flesh) n. an ugly, evil-looking old woman 干瘪的丑老太婆

　　incarnate (LL incarnatus, pp of incarnare: to make flesh, make fleshy, incarnate, fr. L in-: en-, in + carn-, caro: flesh) v. represent in bodily form 赋予...以形体、使成化身, make concrete and real 使具体化、体现 adj. invested with a bodily form especially of a human body 人体化的、化身的、拟人化的

　　incarnation(LL incarnation-, incarnatio, fr. incarnatus, pp of incarnare: to make flesh, make fleshy, incarnate, fr. L in-: en- + carn-, caro: flesh + L -ion-, -io: -ion) n. the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc., personification 拟人化, a new personification of a familiar idea, avatar, embodiment 化身、道成肉身、(哪吒莲花)化身、脱胎换骨; a concrete or actual form incorporating or exemplifying a principle, ideal, or other quality or concept, embodiment 典型

　　sark-, sarx: flesh

　　词根 sark-, sarx 在近代希腊语中是肉的意思,考试常考核心词汇 sarcasm sarcastic 均源于该词根。近义词sardonic也归纳于此(该词除可按源于地名归纳外,别无同根词,因而按近义词再次归类)。

　　sarcasm (F sarcasme, fr. LL sarcasmos, fr. Gk sarkasmos, fr. sarkazein: to tear flesh like dogs, bite the lips in rage, speak bitterly, sneer, wound, in LGk, gnash the teeth, speak bitterly, fr. sark-, sarx: flesh) n. a keen, bitter taunt, a cutting gibe / rebuke often delivered in a tone of contempt / disgust 讽刺、挖苦、嘲笑

　　sarcastic (F sarcasme, fr. LL sarcasmos, fr. Gk sarkasmos, fr. sarkazein: to tear flesh like dogs, bite the lips in rage, speak bitterly, sneer, in LGk, gnash the teeth, speak bitterly, fr. sark-, sarx: flesh, after such pairs as English enthusiasm :: enthusiastic, enthusiastical) adj. expressive of or characterized by sarcasm, marked by contempt or disgust, given to the use of sarcasm, caustic, satiric, ironic, ironical

　　sardonic (sardonic fr. F sardonique, fr. MF sardonien, fr. Gk sardonios, sardanios: of Sardinia, derisive, sardonic, used by Homer to describe bitter or scornful laughter + MF -ique -ic; sardonical fr. F sardonique + E -al; perh. akin to Middle Breton huersin & Welsh chwarddu: to laugh) adj. characterized by derision / scorn, disdainfully / skeptically / ironically humorous, scornful and mocking, cynical, sarcastic 讥讽的、冷嘲的 n. a sardonic expression or remark, often used in plural

　　servare: to keep, guard, protect, preserve, observe 词根 servare 在拉丁语中是保持、警戒、保护、保持、维护、遵守、奉行的意思。考试常考核心词汇 conserve, observe, preserve, reserve, conservative, conservatory, observance, observation 均源于该词根。

　　conserve (ME conserven, fr. MF conserver, fr. L conservare: to conserve, fr. com- + servare: to keep, guard, protect, preserve, observe; akin to OE searu: weapons, armor, skill, ON sörvi: pearl necklace, sörvar: armed men, Gothic sarwa: weapons, armor, Gk horminos: salvia, Avestan haraiti, haurvaiti: he guards; n., ME, fr. conserven, v.) v. keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, destruction 保护、保藏、保存, keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change 能量守恒; preserve with sugar 用糖保存 n. fruit preserved by cooking with sugar, confiture 蜜饯、糖果、果酱

　　conservative (MF conservatif, fr. LL conservativus, fr. L conservatus, pp of conservare: to conserve, preserve, fr. com- + servare: to keep, guard, protect, preserve, observe + -ivus: -ive) adj. resistant to change, hidebound 保守的, conforming to the standards and conventions of the middle class 守旧的、传统的, unimaginatively conventional 因循守旧的; avoiding excess 稳当的、谨慎的 n. a person who is reluctant to accept changes and new ideas 保守的人

　　conservatory (LL conservatorius, fr. L conservatus, pp of conservare: to conserve, preserve, fr. com- + servare: to keep, guard, protect, preserve, observe + E -ory) n. a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine arts, convervatoire 音乐/艺术学校、音乐学院, the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine arts艺术学校的全体师生, a greenhouse in which plants are arranged in a pleasing manner温室、暖房

　　observance (ME observaunce, fr. OF observance, fr. LL observantia, fr. L, regard, respect, fr. observant-, observans, prpa of observare, fr. ob-: to, over, completely + servare: to keep, guard, observe, watch) n. conformity with law, custom, practice法律/风俗、习惯的遵守、奉行, a formal event performed on a special occasion 仪式、守...日、过...节, taking a patient look 观察、注意

　　observation (L observation-, observatio, fr. observatus, pp of observare: to observe, fr. ob-: to, over, completely + servare: to keep, guard, observe, watch + -ion-, -io: -ion) n. the act of observing; taking a patient look, paying attention 观察、观测、监视、注意、察觉, the act of making and recording a measurement 观察资料/数据, a remark expressing careful consideration 观察/思考后所发表的评论、言论

　　observe (ME observen, fr. MF observer, fr. L observare: to watch, guard, observe, fr. ob-: to, over, completely + servare: to keep, guard, observe, watch) v. watch attentively, observe with care 观察、观测、监视conform one’s action or practice to 遵守、奉行规章/法律/习俗, show respect towards 尊敬、崇敬

　　preserve (ME preserven, fr. MF preserver, fr. ML praeservare: to keep safe in advance, fr. LL, to observe, fr. prae-: pre- + servare: to keep, guard) v. keep in safety and protect from harm / decay / loss / destruction 保护、保养、维护、保藏、保持

　　reserve (ME reserven, MF reserver: to reserve, fr. L reservare: to keep back, save up, fr. re- + servare: to save, protect, keep) n. something kept back or saved for future use or a special purpose, armed forces that are not on active duty but can be called in an emergency, a district that is reserved for particular purpose; formality and propriety of manner 储备、预备役、自然保护区、拘谨、矜持 v. hold back or set aside for contingency 保留、储备, give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause 留出、留存, arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance 预订、专门留给

　　上述单词中carrion, crone, sarcastic, conservatory等极难,在离散单词表中极难掌握,但因为理解了词根,词以根记,词以串记,就不那么难了,理解也深刻了,掌握也就容易了。

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